Delirium

Overview

50%

Estimated percentage of hospitalized seniors who experience delirium (NIH, 2023).

1 in 3

Number of seniors with delirium who may develop long-term cognitive issues (CDC, 2023).

2× higher

Risk of death for seniors with delirium compared to those without (APA, 2023).

In plain language

Delirium is an acute and sudden change in mental status that can cause confusion and disrupted attention. It predominantly affects older adults, especially those with underlying medical conditions, and can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.

Delirium is a serious condition characterized by a sudden and severe disturbance in mental abilities, leading to confused thinking and a decreased awareness of one's surroundings. It often affects older adults, particularly those who are hospitalized or recovering from surgery, with prevalence rates reaching up to 50% in these circumstances. Common causes of delirium include infections, dehydration, side effects from medications, and the aftermath of surgical procedures. Recognizing and treating delirium promptly is essential, as it can result in prolonged hospital stays, an increased risk of long-term cognitive decline, and higher mortality rates. Early detection and intervention are vital to improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for those affected. By addressing underlying issues quickly and providing supportive care, it is possible to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, helping seniors regain their mental clarity and independence more rapidly.

Key Information

Review the most relevant symptoms, risk factors, and common care approaches in one place.

Risk Factors

Factors increasing the risk of delirium include:

Advanced age: Older adults are more susceptible to delirium.
Dementia: Pre-existing cognitive impairments raise the risk.
Infections: Common triggers include urinary tract infections.
Medication side effects: Changes or interactions can lead to confusion.
Alcohol withdrawal: Sudden cessation can trigger delirium.

Symptoms

Symptoms may vary but often include:

Sudden confusion: Difficulty focusing or thinking clearly.
Disorientation: Trouble recognizing people or places.
Agitation: Unusual restlessness or irritability.
Hallucinations: Experiencing sights or sounds that are not present.
Disturbed sleep: Altered sleep patterns or excessive drowsiness.

Coping Strategies

Treatments That May Help

Start with the options that have more supporting research and then review the details with your care team.

Treatment Option

Digital Apps

Digital apps are innovative tools that support seniors in managing their health, staying connected, and maintaining independence. From medication reminders to fitness tracking and mindfulness programs, these apps promote daily wellness and peace of mind.

7 studies

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Treatment Option

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured form of talk therapy that helps individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns and behaviors. It’s one of the most widely researched and effective treatments for anxiety, depression, and stress. For older adults, CBT can improve coping skills, mood, and confidence in managing life’s challenges.

2 studies

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Treatment Option

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a modern psychotherapy approach that helps individuals lead a more fulfilling life by focusing on values and acceptance. Instead of trying to eliminate unwanted thoughts and feelings, ACT encourages embracing the full range of human experiences. Through mindfulness and prioritizing what truly matters, individuals can better navigate life's challenges and find meaning.

1 study

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Research on This Condition

Browse the evidence base by quality score or recency to understand what is strongest today.

Research Study

Discover the Mental Benefits of Nature Walks for Seniors

Well Supported

Regular walks in nature can boost memory and attention in older adults.

3/19/2026

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Research Study

Chair Yoga Boosts Fitness and Daily Activity in Older Women with Knee Osteoarthritis

Well Supported

Participating in chair yoga twice weekly improved muscle strength, flexibility, and daily activities in older women with knee osteoarthritis.

12/29/2025

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Research Study

Frailty in older adults: A systematic review of risk factors and early intervention pathways

Well Supported

This review analyzed 50 global studies and found that frailty arises from multiple interconnected factors, including age, chronic illness, and soci...

12/15/2025

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Research Study