Condition
Osteoarthritis
A Joint Condition Common in Older Adults
Overview
73%
People with osteoarthritis who are over 55 years old
528M
People worldwide were living with osteoarthritis
113%
Increase over past 30 years in people dealing with osteoarthritis
In plain language
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects the cartilage, the smooth tissue that cushions the ends of bones in joints. As cartilage breaks down, bones may rub together, causing pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Osteoarthritis is particularly common among older adults, affecting millions of people worldwide.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. This wear and tear can result in pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility in the affected joints.
Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly impacts the knees, hips, hands, and spine. The condition tends to develop gradually and typically worsens with age.
As people grow older, the cumulative effects of joint use and stress can lead to cartilage breakdown. Additionally, decreased physical activity, joint injuries, and excess body weight can increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
While osteoarthritis cannot be cured, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve joint function. Early diagnosis and proactive management can help slow progression and maintain quality of life.
Key Information
Review the most relevant symptoms, risk factors, and common care approaches in one place.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis, including:
Age: The risk of osteoarthritis increases with age.
Genetics: A family history of osteoarthritis can increase your risk.
Joint injury: Previous injuries to a joint can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis in that joint.
Obesity: Excess weight puts additional stress on the joints, especially the knees and hips.
Occupation: Repetitive stress injuries and heavy physical labor can increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
Symptoms
The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the affected joints. Common symptoms include:
Joint pain: Pain, especially during or after activity.
Stiffness: Stiffness, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
Swelling: Swelling in the affected joints.
Reduced range of motion: Difficulty moving the affected joint.
Tenderness: Tenderness to touch around the joint.
Bone spurs: Bony growths that can develop around the joint.
Coping Strategies
Treatments That May Help
Start with the options that have more supporting research and then review the details with your care team.
Treatment Option
Yoga
Yoga combines mindful movement, stretching, and breathing to improve flexibility, strength, and inner calm. For seniors, it offers a low-impact way to stay active, reduce stress, and enhance balance and overall well-being.
6 studies
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Treatment Option
Collagen Peptides
Collagen peptides are easily absorbed protein fragments derived from collagen, the most abundant protein in the body. They provide amino acids that support skin elasticity, joint comfort, and connective tissue health.
5 studies
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Treatment Option
Cannabis
Cannabis, also known as medical marijuana, is derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and has been used for centuries to relieve pain and promote relaxation. In modern medicine, it is prescribed in various forms—such as oils, capsules, or vaporized extracts—to help manage chronic pain, muscle stiffness, sleep problems, and anxiety.
4 studies
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Treatment Option
Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid retains moisture in joints and skin, promoting mobility and hydration for active aging.
4 studies
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Treatment Option
Stem Cell Injections
Stem cell injections use the body's own cells to help repair damaged tissues, offering potential relief for seniors suffering from joint pain and arthritis. This treatment is particularly beneficial for those seeking alternatives to surgery and long-term medication. It is minimally invasive and focuses on enhancing the body's natural healing abilities.
4 studies
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Treatment Option
Cayenne Pepper
Cayenne pepper, a spicy red chili derived from the Capsicum annuum plant, contains a compound called capsaicin known for its warming and pain-relieving properties. Used topically or as a dietary supplement, it supports healthy circulation, reduces inflammation, and helps ease joint and muscle pain — especially beneficial for older adults managing arthritis or nerve discomfort.
2 studies
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Treatment Option
Glucosamine Sulfate
Glucosamine sulfate is a natural compound found in cartilage that supports joint structure and function. It provides building blocks for cartilage repair and helps maintain the protective cushioning between joints.
2 studies
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Treatment Option
Tai Chi
Tai Chi is a gentle, low-impact exercise that combines slow, flowing movements with deep breathing and mindfulness. For seniors, it enhances balance, flexibility, and coordination while reducing stress and promoting relaxation.
2 studies
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Treatment Option
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
Vitamin K1 aids proper calcium use in bones and prevents arterial calcification, supporting heart and skeletal health.
2 studies
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Treatment Option
Baoding Balls
Baoding balls are small metal or stone spheres rotated in the hand to promote relaxation, improve finger dexterity, and enhance circulation. Often used in traditional Chinese wellness practices, they can support joint flexibility and calm the mind. For seniors, this gentle activity helps maintain hand strength and coordination.
1 study
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Treatment Option
Collagen Type II
Type II collagen is the primary collagen found in cartilage, providing the structural framework that gives joints their shock-absorbing properties. Supplementation supports joint comfort and cartilage maintenance.
1 study
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Treatment Option
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Horsetail is a natural source of silica that supports bone density, collagen formation, and hair and nail health.
1 study
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Research on This Condition
Browse the evidence base by quality score or recency to understand what is strongest today.
Research Study
Glucosamine and Chondroitin May Help Ease Joint Pain in Seniors
Well Supported
A review suggests glucosamine and chondroitin supplements could reduce osteoarthritis and joint pain in older adults.
4/2/2026
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Research Study
Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing
Well Supported
Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2025
11/11/2025
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Research Study
Best-Proven Treatments for Hand, Hip, and Knee Osteoarthritis
Well Supported
This major U.S. guideline strongly supports exercise, healthy weight management, and certain pain treatments as the most reliable ways to ease osteoarthritis symptoms.
2/10/2026
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Research Study
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
Well Supported
HSS Journal, 2025
11/11/2025
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Research Study
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
Well Supported
Systematic review of BPC-157 in orthopaedic and sports medicine
7/31/2025
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Research Study
APOS therapy improves clinical measurements and gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Well Supported
Researchers found that wearing specially calibrated footwear through Apos Therapy improved walking ability and reduced pain in people with knee ost...
12/15/2025
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Discover evidence-based treatments and research for osteoarthritis.